Ipa Beer: Calories and Nutrition Analyse
IPA beer: calories, protein, carbs and fat in 100g, ounce, standard serving size, glass and more
Also known as (other names): India Pale Ale
How many calories in IPA?
100g of IPA has about 58 calories (kcal).
Calories per:
ounce
| standard serving size
| glass
| small bottle
| standard bottle
| can
| 1 pint
To give you an idea, standard serving size of IPA (340 g) has about 197 calories.
It is about 8% of daily calories intake for adult person with medium weight and medium activity (for calculation we assumed 2400 kcal daily intake).
To visualize how much it actualy is, take in mind that calories amount from standard serving size of IPA is similar to calories amount from ie.:
- 3.5 apples
- 2.5 glasses of Coca Cola (220 ml glass)
- 2 slices of cheese
- 1.5 slices of bread
- 1.5 glasses of milk
- 10 cubes of sugar
To burn this calories you would have to bike at least 28 minutes, swim for about 23 minutes or run for 20 minutes.
Beer (43) more...Skinny on the rocks Margarita (44) more...Ginger beer (44) more...Prosecco (49) more...Cider (56) more...IPA beer (58) more...Vodka and soda (59) more...Whiskey and water (59) more...Whiskey and soda (59) more...Whiskey and diet cola (60) more...Mojito (61) more...Bloody Mary (69) more...Moscato (75) more...Riesling (80) more...Sauvignon Blanc (81) more...Pinot Blanc (81) more...White wine (82) more...Champagne (82) more...Pinot Noir (82) more...Merlot (83) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (83) more...Pinot Grigio (83) more...Cabernet Sauvignon (83) more...Chardonnay (84) more...Vodka and tonic (84) more...Gin and tonic (84) more...Red wine (85) more...Seven and Seven (87) more...Irish Coffee (88) more...Eggnog (88) more...Brandy and cola (89) more...Vodka and cola (89) more...Whiskey and cola (89) more...Rum and cola (89) more...Vodka and energy drink (90) more...Vodka and lemonade (93) more...Sangria (96) more...Moscow mule (100) more...Tequila Sunrise (112) more...Frozen margarita (122) more...Margarita (122) more...Whiskey sour (123) more...Pina Colada (151) more...Vermouth (160) more...Old fashioned (162) more...Baileys (200) more...Martini (201) more...Alcohol (220) more...Manhattan (222) more...Jameson (231) more...Jack Daniels (231) more...Brandy (231) more...Gin (231) more...Rum (231) more...Jim Beam (231) more...Vodka (231) more...Bourbon (231) more...Grey Goose Vodka (231) more...Bacardi rum (231) more...Absolut vodka (231) more...Malibu rum (231) more...Scotch (231) more...Tequila (231) more...Whisky (whiskey) (250) more...Kahlua (336) more...
Calories in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
See all nutrition data of IPA on charts.
IPA beer: calories and nutrition per 100g (and per ounce)
Calories58kcal/100g(16 kcal/oz)
Protein0.9g/100g(0.3 g/oz)
Carbs Total0.3g/100g(0.1 g/oz)
Fat0g/100g(0 g/oz)
| per 100 g | per ounce | |
|---|---|---|
| Calories | 58 | ~ 16.4 |
| Carbs Total | 0.27 g | < 0.1 g |
| Protein | 0.9 g | ~ 0.3 g |
| Water | 91 g | ~ 25.8 g |
How many calories in standard serving size, glass, small bottle , standard bottle , can or 1 pint of IPA?
As I wrote before 100g has 58 calories. It is also easy to count how many calories will be in ie. standard serving size, glass, small bottle , standard bottle , can or 1 pint of IPA.
- Standard serving size of IPA (340 g)197 kcal
- Glass full of IPA (220g)128 kcal
- IPA small bottle (340g)197 kcal
- IPA standard bottle (500g)290 kcal
- IPA can (500g)290 kcal
- IPA 1 pint (568g)329 kcal
- Ounce (oz) of IPA16 kcal
- 10g of IPA6 kcal
- 20g of IPA12 kcal
- 50g of IPA29 kcal
- 100g of IPA58 kcal
Protein in IPA
IPA has 0.9 g protein per 100g.
When you multiplay this value with weight of standard serving size of IPA (340 g) you can see that you will get about 3.1 g of protein.
Carbs in IPA
IPA has 0.27 g carbohydrates per 100g.
In the same way as for protein we can calculate that standard serving size of IPA (340 g) has about 0.9 g of carbs.
Fat in IPA
0 g of fat - IPA has no fat.
standard serving size of IPA (340 g) has:
197kcalFor burning these calories you have to:Bike28 min.Bike
Horse ride36 min.Horse ride
Play tennis19 min.Tennis
Run20 min.Run
Swim23 min.Swim
IPA - vitamins per 100g
- Vitaminium B1 (Thiamine)0.03 mg
- Vitaminium B2 (riboflavin)0.09 mg
- Vitaminium B3 (Niacin)1.1 mg
- Vitaminium B60.09 mg
- Vitaminium B9 (Folic acid)0.018 mcg
Energy content of IPA
- 23% CARBS
- 77% PROTEIN
- 0% FAT
IPA - minerals per 100g
- Potassium62 mg
- Magnessium12 mg
- Calcium8 mg
- Sodium4 mg
- Iron0.03 mg
Interesting charts - compare IPA with other alcohol
When you look at charts below you will see how IPA looks like in comparsion to other products from its category. When you click on selected product you will se detailed comparsion.
Vodka and lemonade (0.01) more...Whiskey and water (0.01) more...Vodka (0.01) more...Vodka and soda (0.02) more...Whiskey and cola (0.02) more...Beer (0.02) more...Brandy and cola (0.02) more...Whiskey and soda (0.02) more...Rum and cola (0.02) more...Whisky (whiskey) (0.02) more...Vodka and tonic (0.02) more...Irish Coffee (0.02) more...Vodka and cola (0.02) more...Gin and tonic (0.02) more...IPA beer (0.03) more...Brandy (0.04) more...Gin (0.04) more...Bourbon (0.04) more...Jim Beam (0.04) more...Malibu rum (0.04) more...Grey Goose Vodka (0.04) more...Bacardi rum (0.04) more...Jameson (0.04) more...Absolut vodka (0.04) more...Scotch (0.04) more...Tequila (0.04) more...Jack Daniels (0.04) more...Old fashioned (0.06) more...Cider (0.06) more...Kahlua (0.06) more...Vodka and energy drink (0.06) more...Manhattan (0.07) more...Whiskey sour (0.09) more...Margarita (0.09) more...Whiskey and diet cola (0.09) more...Martini (0.09) more...Seven and Seven (0.09) more...Frozen margarita (0.09) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.1) more...Mojito (0.11) more...Rum (0.12) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (0.14) more...Pina Colada (0.21) more...Prosecco (0.22) more...Vermouth (0.24) more...Sangria (0.25) more...White wine (0.27) more...Champagne (0.27) more...Chardonnay (0.27) more...Bloody Mary (0.4) more...Merlot (0.46) more...Red wine (0.46) more...
Iron in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Vodka and lemonade (1) more...Martini (1) more...Whiskey sour (1) more...Whiskey and diet cola (1) more...Whiskey and water (1) more...Vodka and soda (1) more...Whiskey and soda (1) more...Manhattan (1) more...Margarita (1) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (1) more...Seven and Seven (1) more...Frozen margarita (1) more...Old fashioned (2) more...Irish Coffee (2) more...Mojito (2) more...Cider (3) more...Kahlua (3) more...Beer (6) more...Sangria (7) more...Prosecco (7) more...Tequila Sunrise (8) more...Bloody Mary (9) more...Pina Colada (9) more...Vermouth (9) more...White wine (10) more...Chardonnay (10) more...Champagne (10) more...Red wine (12) more...Merlot (12) more...IPA beer (12) more...Vodka and energy drink (14) more...Eggnog (19) more...
Magnesium in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Alcohol (0) more...Vodka (1) more...Whisky (whiskey) (1) more...Gin and tonic (1) more...Whiskey and water (1) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (1) more...Seven and Seven (1) more...Vodka and tonic (1) more...Tequila Sunrise (122) more...Red wine (127) more...Merlot (127) more...Martini (13) more...Manhattan (14) more...Eggnog (165) more...Bloody Mary (183) more...Gin (2) more...Rum (2) more...Tequila (2) more...Vodka and soda (2) more...Bourbon (2) more...Jack Daniels (2) more...Whiskey and soda (2) more...Scotch (2) more...Malibu rum (2) more...Jameson (2) more...Brandy (2) more...Jim Beam (2) more...Grey Goose Vodka (2) more...Bacardi rum (2) more...Absolut vodka (2) more...Mojito (20) more...Margarita (22) more...Whiskey sour (22) more...Frozen margarita (22) more...Beer (27) more...Vodka and energy drink (3) more...Kahlua (30) more...Old fashioned (35) more...Irish Coffee (39) more...Whiskey and cola (4) more...Vodka and cola (4) more...Rum and cola (4) more...Brandy and cola (4) more...Cider (54) more...Whiskey and diet cola (6) more...Prosecco (60) more...IPA beer (62) more...Sangria (68) more...White wine (71) more...Champagne (71) more...Chardonnay (71) more...Vodka and lemonade (8) more...Pina Colada (90) more...Vermouth (92) more...
Potassium in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Manhattan (0.03) more...Sangria (0.04) more...Seven and Seven (0.04) more...Prosecco (0.04) more...Sauvignon Blanc (0.07) more...White wine (0.07) more...Chardonnay (0.07) more...Pinot Blanc (0.07) more...Red wine (0.07) more...Cabernet Sauvignon (0.07) more...Champagne (0.07) more...Merlot (0.07) more...Pinot Noir (0.07) more...Martini (0.07) more...Riesling (0.07) more...Pinot Grigio (0.07) more...Whiskey sour (0.08) more...Whiskey and diet cola (0.08) more...Margarita (0.08) more...Frozen margarita (0.08) more...Mojito (0.09) more...Kahlua (0.1) more...Old fashioned (0.18) more...Vermouth (0.2) more...Irish Coffee (0.27) more...Vodka and energy drink (0.35) more...Pina Colada (0.36) more...Beer (0.46) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.46) more...Bloody Mary (0.64) more...IPA beer (0.9) more...Eggnog (4.6) more...
Protein in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Gin (1) more...Bourbon (1) more...Rum (1) more...Brandy (1) more...Vodka (1) more...Malibu rum (1) more...Jim Beam (1) more...Scotch (1) more...Jameson (1) more...Grey Goose Vodka (1) more...Tequila (1) more...Bacardi rum (1) more...Jack Daniels (1) more...Absolut vodka (1) more...Manhattan (2) more...Martini (2) more...Whiskey and cola (3) more...Whiskey and water (3) more...Brandy and cola (3) more...Rum and cola (3) more...Irish Coffee (3) more...Vodka and cola (3) more...Beer (4) more...Old fashioned (4) more...Red wine (4) more...IPA beer (4) more...Cider (4) more...Merlot (4) more...Tequila Sunrise (4) more...White wine (5) more...Vodka and lemonade (5) more...Moscato (5) more...Champagne (5) more...Chardonnay (5) more...Whiskey and diet cola (6) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (6) more...Pina Colada (6) more...Seven and Seven (7) more...Kahlua (8) more...Vermouth (9) more...Vodka and tonic (9) more...Gin and tonic (9) more...Sangria (10) more...Prosecco (11) more...Mojito (15) more...Vodka and soda (16) more...Whiskey and soda (16) more...Vodka and energy drink (30) more...Skinny on the rocks Margarita (31) more...Eggnog (54) more...Whiskey sour (77) more...Baileys (200) more...Frozen margarita (205) more...Margarita (205) more...Bloody Mary (207) more...
Sodium in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Whiskey and cola (0.001) more...Brandy and cola (0.001) more...Rum and cola (0.001) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (0.001) more...Seven and Seven (0.001) more...Vodka and cola (0.001) more...Vodka and soda (0.002) more...Whiskey and water (0.002) more...Whiskey and soda (0.002) more...Vodka and tonic (0.002) more...Gin and tonic (0.002) more...Vodka and lemonade (0.003) more...Prosecco (0.003) more...Sangria (0.003) more...Kahlua (0.004) more...White wine (0.005) more...Beer (0.005) more...Whiskey and diet cola (0.005) more...Martini (0.005) more...Champagne (0.005) more...Merlot (0.005) more...Vodka (0.005) more...Mojito (0.005) more...Red wine (0.005) more...Chardonnay (0.005) more...Brandy (0.006) more...Gin (0.006) more...Bourbon (0.006) more...Jim Beam (0.006) more...Malibu rum (0.006) more...Grey Goose Vodka (0.006) more...Bacardi rum (0.006) more...Jameson (0.006) more...Absolut vodka (0.006) more...Scotch (0.006) more...Tequila (0.006) more...Jack Daniels (0.006) more...Rum (0.008) more...Whisky (whiskey) (0.008) more...Manhattan (0.008) more...Cider (0.009) more...Whiskey sour (0.011) more...Margarita (0.011) more...Frozen margarita (0.011) more...Irish Coffee (0.012) more...Vermouth (0.018) more...Old fashioned (0.019) more...IPA beer (0.03) more...Vodka and energy drink (0.032) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.032) more...Pina Colada (0.038) more...Bloody Mary (0.074) more...
Vitamin B1 in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Whiskey and cola (0.001) more...Brandy and cola (0.001) more...Whiskey and water (0.001) more...Whiskey and soda (0.001) more...Rum and cola (0.001) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (0.001) more...Whisky (whiskey) (0.001) more...Seven and Seven (0.001) more...Vodka and tonic (0.001) more...Vodka and cola (0.001) more...Gin and tonic (0.001) more...Vodka and soda (0.001) more...Vodka and lemonade (0.003) more...Bourbon (0.004) more...Jim Beam (0.004) more...Gin (0.004) more...Malibu rum (0.004) more...Grey Goose Vodka (0.004) more...Bacardi rum (0.004) more...Jameson (0.004) more...Absolut vodka (0.004) more...Scotch (0.004) more...Tequila (0.004) more...Jack Daniels (0.004) more...Brandy (0.004) more...Martini (0.005) more...Mojito (0.005) more...Manhattan (0.006) more...Vodka (0.007) more...Margarita (0.008) more...Frozen margarita (0.008) more...Whiskey sour (0.009) more...Old fashioned (0.01) more...Kahlua (0.012) more...Cider (0.013) more...Prosecco (0.014) more...White wine (0.015) more...Champagne (0.015) more...Chardonnay (0.015) more...Sangria (0.017) more...Whiskey and diet cola (0.018) more...Vermouth (0.018) more...Pina Colada (0.019) more...Beer (0.025) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.028) more...Merlot (0.031) more...Red wine (0.031) more...Bloody Mary (0.061) more...Irish Coffee (0.064) more...Vodka and energy drink (0.078) more...IPA beer (0.09) more...
Vitamin B2 in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Whiskey and diet cola (0.003) more...Whiskey and water (0.003) more...Whiskey and soda (0.003) more...Rum and cola (0.003) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (0.003) more...Vodka and tonic (0.003) more...Frozen margarita (0.003) more...Vodka and cola (0.003) more...Gin and tonic (0.003) more...Whiskey sour (0.003) more...Vodka and soda (0.003) more...Whiskey and cola (0.003) more...Margarita (0.003) more...Brandy and cola (0.003) more...Vodka and lemonade (0.01) more...Bourbon (0.013) more...Jim Beam (0.013) more...Malibu rum (0.013) more...Gin (0.013) more...Grey Goose Vodka (0.013) more...Bacardi rum (0.013) more...Jameson (0.013) more...Absolut vodka (0.013) more...Scotch (0.013) more...Tequila (0.013) more...Jack Daniels (0.013) more...Brandy (0.013) more...Seven and Seven (0.015) more...Martini (0.025) more...Mojito (0.038) more...Manhattan (0.04) more...Cider (0.045) more...Whisky (whiskey) (0.05) more...Old fashioned (0.059) more...Prosecco (0.099) more...White wine (0.108) more...Champagne (0.108) more...Chardonnay (0.108) more...Sangria (0.119) more...Pina Colada (0.124) more...Irish Coffee (0.135) more...Kahlua (0.144) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.191) more...Vermouth (0.213) more...Merlot (0.224) more...Red wine (0.224) more...Bloody Mary (0.512) more...Beer (0.513) more...IPA beer (1.1) more...Vodka and energy drink (7.395) more...
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Jameson (0.001) more...Gin (0.001) more...Jack Daniels (0.001) more...Manhattan (0.001) more...Scotch (0.001) more...Brandy (0.001) more...Tequila (0.001) more...Jim Beam (0.001) more...Bourbon (0.001) more...Grey Goose Vodka (0.001) more...Bacardi rum (0.001) more...Malibu rum (0.001) more...Absolut vodka (0.001) more...Irish Coffee (0.003) more...Vodka and lemonade (0.003) more...Martini (0.004) more...Mojito (0.006) more...Old fashioned (0.012) more...Cider (0.021) more...Sangria (0.03) more...Prosecco (0.032) more...Beer (0.046) more...White wine (0.05) more...Chardonnay (0.05) more...Champagne (0.05) more...Tequila Sunrise (0.051) more...Bloody Mary (0.054) more...Red wine (0.057) more...Merlot (0.057) more...Pina Colada (0.063) more...IPA beer (0.09) more...Vodka and energy drink (1.63) more...
Vitamin B6 in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Kahlua (31) more...Whisky (whiskey) (63.9) more...Grey Goose Vodka (66.6) more...Jack Daniels (66.6) more...Bacardi rum (66.6) more...Absolut vodka (66.6) more...Gin (66.6) more...Rum (66.6) more...Bourbon (66.6) more...Vodka (66.6) more...Malibu rum (66.6) more...Brandy (66.6) more...Jim Beam (66.6) more...Scotch (66.6) more...Tequila (66.6) more...Jameson (66.6) more...Manhattan (67.12) more...Alcohol (68.3) more...Pina Colada (69.95) more...Vermouth (70.51) more...Martini (70.8) more...Old fashioned (73.63) more...Margarita (75.08) more...Frozen margarita (75.08) more...Whiskey sour (75.33) more...Tequila Sunrise (77.47) more...Sangria (82.41) more...Vodka and lemonade (82.5) more...Vodka and energy drink (83.62) more...Vodka and cola (83.73) more...Whiskey and cola (83.73) more...Rum and cola (83.73) more...Brandy and cola (83.73) more...Seven and Seven (84.05) more...Gin and tonic (84.89) more...Vodka and tonic (84.89) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (85.14) more...Red wine (86.49) more...Riesling (86.56) more...Cabernet Sauvignon (86.56) more...Merlot (86.59) more...Irish Coffee (86.63) more...Chardonnay (86.85) more...White wine (86.86) more...Champagne (86.86) more...Pinot Noir (86.94) more...Pinot Grigio (86.98) more...Pinot Blanc (87.14) more...Sauvignon Blanc (87.16) more...Bloody Mary (87.31) more...Cider (89) more...Mojito (89.76) more...IPA beer (91) more...Whiskey and diet cola (91.19) more...Whiskey and water (91.38) more...Vodka and soda (91.46) more...Whiskey and soda (91.46) more...Beer (91.96) more...Prosecco (91.96) more...
Water in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Martini (0.15) more...Whiskey and diet cola (0.22) more...IPA beer (0.27) more...Prosecco (1.62) more...Manhattan (1.82) more...Pinot Blanc (1.94) more...Irish Coffee (2.03) more...Sauvignon Blanc (2.05) more...Pinot Grigio (2.06) more...Chardonnay (2.16) more...Pinot Noir (2.31) more...Mojito (2.46) more...Merlot (2.51) more...White wine (2.6) more...Cabernet Sauvignon (2.6) more...Champagne (2.6) more...Red wine (2.61) more...Bloody Mary (3.16) more...Beer (3.55) more...Riesling (3.74) more...Cider (5.92) more...Old fashioned (6.24) more...Vodka and tonic (6.57) more...Gin and tonic (6.57) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (6.59) more...Seven and Seven (7.63) more...Vodka and energy drink (7.7) more...Vodka and cola (7.8) more...Whiskey and cola (7.8) more...Rum and cola (7.8) more...Brandy and cola (7.8) more...Eggnog (8.1) more...Sangria (8.27) more...Skinny on the rocks Margarita (8.33) more...Vodka and lemonade (9.02) more...Ginger beer (10) more...Tequila Sunrise (13.47) more...Vermouth (13.69) more...Moscato (14.44) more...Frozen margarita (16.06) more...Margarita (16.06) more...Whiskey sour (16.11) more...Pina Colada (19.5) more...Moscow mule (26.67) more...Baileys (33.33) more...Kahlua (46.8) more...
Carbohydrates in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Beer (43) more...Skinny on the rocks Margarita (44) more...Ginger beer (44) more...Prosecco (49) more...Cider (56) more...IPA beer (58) more...Vodka and soda (59) more...Whiskey and water (59) more...Whiskey and soda (59) more...Whiskey and diet cola (60) more...Mojito (61) more...Bloody Mary (69) more...Moscato (75) more...Riesling (80) more...Sauvignon Blanc (81) more...Pinot Blanc (81) more...White wine (82) more...Champagne (82) more...Pinot Noir (82) more...Merlot (83) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (83) more...Pinot Grigio (83) more...Cabernet Sauvignon (83) more...Chardonnay (84) more...Vodka and tonic (84) more...Gin and tonic (84) more...Red wine (85) more...Seven and Seven (87) more...Irish Coffee (88) more...Eggnog (88) more...Brandy and cola (89) more...Vodka and cola (89) more...Whiskey and cola (89) more...Rum and cola (89) more...Vodka and energy drink (90) more...Vodka and lemonade (93) more...Sangria (96) more...Moscow mule (100) more...Tequila Sunrise (112) more...Frozen margarita (122) more...Margarita (122) more...Whiskey sour (123) more...Pina Colada (151) more...Vermouth (160) more...Old fashioned (162) more...Baileys (200) more...Martini (201) more...Alcohol (220) more...Manhattan (222) more...Jameson (231) more...Jack Daniels (231) more...Brandy (231) more...Gin (231) more...Rum (231) more...Jim Beam (231) more...Vodka (231) more...Bourbon (231) more...Grey Goose Vodka (231) more...Bacardi rum (231) more...Absolut vodka (231) more...Malibu rum (231) more...Scotch (231) more...Tequila (231) more...Whisky (whiskey) (250) more...Kahlua (336) more...
Calories in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Vodka and tonic (1) more...Manhattan (1) more...Brandy and cola (1) more...Vodka and cola (1) more...Vodka and lemonade (1) more...Whiskey and cola (1) more...Martini (1) more...Gin and tonic (1) more...Rum and cola (1) more...Kahlua (1) more...Seven and Seven (2) more...Whiskey sour (2) more...Frozen margarita (2) more...Whiskey and diet cola (2) more...Whiskey and water (2) more...Margarita (2) more...Whiskey and ginger ale (2) more...Beer (4) more...Cider (4) more...Vodka and soda (4) more...Whiskey and soda (4) more...Vodka and energy drink (5) more...Irish Coffee (6) more...Sangria (6) more...Mojito (7) more...Prosecco (7) more...Pina Colada (8) more...IPA beer (8) more...Red wine (8) more...Merlot (8) more...Vermouth (8) more...White wine (9) more...Chardonnay (9) more...Champagne (9) more...Bloody Mary (10) more...Old fashioned (10) more...Tequila Sunrise (38) more...Eggnog (130) more...
Calcium in Ipa Based On Alcohol Category
Similar calories number have:
See also:
Read this:
- How many calories do frozen pineapple chunks have?
- Calories in a half of beef patty
- Calories in whole beef patty
- Calories for one, two or more beef patties
- How many carbs (carbohydrates) in chicken leg?
- How much fat in toast?
- How much protein in rye bread?
- What is weight of gammon ham?
- Dinner roll calories per ounce (oz)
- Sour cream (no fat) calories per serving size
Add comment